Periodontal Treatment

Periodontal disease, also known as gum disease, is an infection of the tissues that surround and support the teeth. It starts with gingivitis, the milder form of the disease, characterized by inflammation and bleeding of the gums. If gingivitis is not treated, it can progress to periodontitis, a more severe form of the disease that affects deeper structures of the teeth. Periodontitis involves the loss of the bone and connective tissue that hold teeth in place, which can lead to tooth mobility and even loss.

The primary cause of periodontal disease is the accumulation of plaque—a sticky, colorless film of bacteria that forms on the teeth. When plaque is not removed through regular brushing and flossing, it can harden into tartar, which can only be removed by a dentist. The bacteria in plaque and tartar produce toxins that irritate the gum tissue, leading to inflammation. Other factors that can contribute to periodontal disease include smoking, hormonal changes, certain medical conditions, and genetic predisposition.

Gingivitis and periodontitis

Gingivitis is a common and mild form of gum disease (periodontal disease) that causes irritation, redness, and swelling (inflammation) of your gingiva, the part of your gum around the base of your teeth. It is typically caused by a buildup of plaque, a soft, sticky film of bacteria, on the teeth. When plaque is not removed through regular brushing and flossing, it can irritate the gingiva and lead to gingivitis. Early symptoms of gingivitis include swollen gums that may bleed during brushing or flossing. Although gingivitis is a common condition, it is usually reversible with proper oral care. Improved dental hygiene, including regular brushing, flossing, and professional cleanings, can often restore gum health. If left untreated, gingivitis can progress to more serious gum disease, making it crucial to address it promptly.

Periodontitis is a more severe form of gum disease that occurs when gingivitis is left untreated. It affects the deeper tissues that support the teeth, including the bone. Periodontitis involves inflammation and infection of the periodontium, which consists of the gums, periodontal ligaments, and alveolar bone. This advanced stage of gum disease is characterized by the formation of pockets between the teeth and gums, which become infected. As the infection progresses, the body’s immune response to the bacteria in these pockets can damage the surrounding bone and connective tissue. Symptoms of periodontitis include persistent bad breath, gum recession, deep pockets between the teeth and gums, loose teeth, and changes in the bite. Unlike gingivitis, periodontitis can lead to tooth loss if not properly managed. Treatment typically involves scaling and root planing, a deep cleaning procedure, and possibly surgical interventions, along with improved oral hygiene practices. Regular dental visits and professional cleanings are essential for managing periodontitis and preventing its recurrence.

How is Periodontal Disease Treated?

Treatment for periodontal disease depends on its severity. In the early stages, gingivitis can often be managed with improved oral hygiene practices. This includes regular brushing and flossing, as well as professional cleanings by a dentist or hygienist. Scaling and root planing, a deep cleaning procedure, may be required to remove plaque and tartar from below the gumline and smooth the roots of the teeth, making it easier for gums to reattach.

For more advanced periodontitis, treatments may involve more intensive procedures. Periodontal surgery might be necessary to access and clean deeper pockets of infection. Procedures such as flap surgery or bone grafting may be used to restore lost bone and tissue. In addition to these treatments, ongoing maintenance is crucial. Regular dental check-ups and cleanings help manage the condition and prevent recurrence.

Dangers of Not Treating Periodontal Disease

Failing to treat periodontal disease can lead to severe consequences. The disease can result in tooth loss due to the destruction of supporting bone and tissues. Moreover, untreated periodontal disease can cause chronic inflammation and infection, which can have systemic effects on overall health. Research has linked periodontal disease to several serious conditions, including heart disease, diabetes, and respiratory infections.

People with periodontal disease are at a higher risk of developing cardiovascular problems, as the bacteria from the gums can enter the bloodstream and contribute to the formation of arterial plaque. Additionally, periodontal disease can exacerbate existing health conditions, such as diabetes, making blood sugar control more difficult. It has also been associated with respiratory issues, as bacteria from the mouth can be inhaled into the lungs, potentially leading to pneumonia and other respiratory infections.

Regular dental care and prompt treatment of periodontal disease are essential for maintaining both oral and overall health. Addressing the disease early can prevent these serious complications and improve quality of life.